(2) Minimum or comparable energy gap between 5f, 6d and 7s subshell makes electron excitation easier, hence there is a greater range of oxidation states in actinoids.
(a) Ge, Sn and Pb show divalency due to inert pair effect, Pb2+is more stable than Pb4+.
(b) Due to poor shielding effect of d-electrons in Ga, effective nuclear charge increases...
(a) Some metals are more like liquids. A chip of gallium or caesium melts on our palm because the melting point of these metals is just below thirty degrees Celsius (86oF). They...
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