1. The internal restoring force per unit area of a both is called stress.
\(\text{Stress} = \frac{\text{deforming force}}{\text{area}}\) \(=\frac{|\vec{F}|}{A}\)
where \(\vec{F}\)is internal restoring force or external applied deforming force.
2. Types of stress :
Longitudinal stress,
Volume stress,
Shearing...
(C) Brittle and ductile
Ductile materials have a fracture strength lower than the ultimate Tensile strength (i.e., the points are far apart.) whereas in brittle materials, the fracture strength is equivalent...