(a) Taking one example each of habitat loss and fragmentation, explain how are the two responsible for biodiversity loss.

(a) Habitat loss and fragmentation : It is one of the most important cause of biodiversity loss. Best example of habitat loss is destruction of tropical rain forest or Amezon rain forest. These forest are cut down and converted in crop field for cultivation of crops e.g. soyabean or in grassland for raising beef cattle. 

Destruction of these forest also leads to extinction of millions of species which were harbouring in these forest. Tropical rain forest area is reduced to 6% of earth cover from 14%. Fragmentation of large habitat in small fragments due to various human activity are also badly affect the species of mammals and birds which require large habitat. Fragmentation also badly affect the migratory animals as they require large habitat. 

(b) Methods of biodiversity conservation : There are two different method of biodiversity conservation. 

1. Ex- situ conservation : In this, organism are taken out from their natural habitat and placed in special setting where they can be conserved and given special care. Zoological park, Botanical garden, wild life safari park are used in ex-situ conservation. Now these days gametes of endangered species are protected in reproducible condition by cryo preservation. Plant germplasm is also conserved by tissue culture method. Seeds of economically important plants strains are also conserved in seed bank. 

2. In-situ conservation: In this approach of conservation, organism are conserved at their natural habitat in natural condition. National park, sanctuaries, biosphere reserve and sacred grooves are used in in-situ conservation. For conservation of endemic species, biodiversity hot spot are recognized. Large number of endemic species are present at biodiversity hot spot. Total 34 hot spot are recognized. Out of these 3 hot spot are present in India. 

Special protection of these hot spot can reduce the rate of extinction upto 30%