Describe ‘any two’ factors affecting the rate of photosynthesis.

External factors which affect photosynthesis are as follows: 

1. Light: 

a. It is an essential factor as it supplies the energy necessary for photosynthesis. 

b. Quality and intensity of light affects the photosynthesis. 

c. Highest rate of photosynthesis takes place in red light followed by blue light. 

d. The rate of photosynthesis considerably decreases in plants which are growing under a forest canopy. 

e. In most of the plants, photosynthesis is maximum in bright diffused sunlight. 

f. Uninterrupted and continuous photosynthesis for a very ong period of time may be sustained without any visible damage to the plant. 

2. Carbon dioxide: 

a. The main source of CO₂ in land plants is the atmosphere, which contains only 0.3% of the gas. 

b. Under normal conditions of temperature and light, carbon dioxide acts as a limiting factor in photosynthesis. 

c. Increase in concentration of CO increases the photosynthesis. 

d. Increase in CO₂ to about 1% is advantageous to most of the plants. 

e. Higher concentration of the gas has an inhibitory effect on photosynthesis. 

3. Temperature: 

a. Like all other physiological processes, photosynthesis also needs a suitable temperature. 

b. The optimum temperature at which the photosynthesis is maximum is 25-30 °C. Except in plants like Opuntia, photosynthesis takes place at as high as 55 °C. 

c. This is the maximum temperature. Minimum temperature is temperature at which photosynthesis process just starts. 

d. In the presence of sufficient light and CO₂ , photosynthesis increases with the rise of temperature till it becomes maximum. After that there is a decrease or fall in the rate of the process.

4. Water: 

a. Water is necessary for photosynthetic process. 

b. An increase in water content of the leaf results in the corresponding increase in the rate of photosynthesis. 

c. Thus, the limiting effect of water is not direct but indirect. 

d. It is mainly due to the fact that it helps in maintaining the turgidity of the assimilatory cells and the proper hydration of their protoplasm.

Internal factors which affects photosynthesis are as follows: 

1. Chlorophyll: 

a. Though presence of chlorophyll is essential for photosynthesis but rate of photosynthesis is proportional to the quantity of chlorophyll present. 

b. It is because of the fact that chlorophyll merely acts as a biocatalyst and hence a small quantity is quite enough to maintain the large bulk of the reacting substances. 

2. Sugar: The final product in the photosynthesis reaction is sugar and its accumulation in the cells slow down the process of photosynthesis.

3. Internal structures: The thickness of cuticle and epidermis of the leaf, the size and distribution of intercellular spaces and the distribution of the stomata and the development of chlorenchyma and other tissues also affects the rate of photosynthesis.