"In analysing deviations between actual performance and standard performance, two key concepts are used so that attention

(c) Ball bearings are used to reduce friction and friction is directly propertional to effective surface area. So if effective surface area is reduced then friction will also reduce.

While analysing deviations, it is important to determine the acceptable range of deviations/Key Result Areas.

Actual performance is compared with standards in the process of controlling to take corrective actions if significant deviation, occurs.

The next step is measuring the performance: It is necessary to measure performance in all key areas of business periodically and at such intervals the defects should be discovered before...

Critical point control and Management by exception.

The two concepts are critical point control and management by exception. Critical Point Control: For controlling effectively, control should be exercised only on critical points which are identified on the...

Marketing functions include a series of specialised activities performed on the marketing of goods and services. (a) Marketing research/Gathering and analysing market information: Marketing research is the systematic investigation of the facts...

Functions of Marketing: (a) Marketing research/Gathering and analysing market information: Marketing research is the systematic investigation of the facts relevant to the various aspects in marketing. Marketing research helps managers to arive...

A foreign key is a reference of the primary key in another table.

The candidate key, which is not used as primary key is called alternate key.