The primary succession refers to the development of communities on a 

(a) forest clearing after devastating fire 

(b) newly-exposed habitat with no record of earlier vegetation 

(c) freshly cleared crop field 

(d) pond, freshly filled with water after a dry phase.


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(b) When succession begins on an area which has not been previously being occupied by a community e.g. a new exposed rock area, sand dunes, new islands, deltas, shore or recent lava flow, it is known as primary succession. The first group of organisms (plants or animals) which become established in such an area is termed the pioneer community.