Ag+ and Cu2+ act as oxidising agents in reactions (a) and (b) respectively.
In reaction (c), Ag+ oxidises C6H5CHO to C6H5COO– , but in reaction (d), Cu2+ cannot oxidise C6H5CHO. Hence, we...
In acidic medium alcohols protonated then loses H2O to form a carbo cation. If HCl Cl- strong nucleophile cause nucleophilic substitution, HNO3 causes oxidation.