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Option 4 : B, C and D only

Vyapti is the non-presence of middle term (hetu) in the locus of the non-existence of the major term (sadhya). 

  • Nyāya school considers knowledge of vyapti to be the cause of successful inference. 
  • They believe that vyapti is the reason's unconditional uniform relation to the predicate and that the predicate is pervaded by a condition.
  • Vyāpti implies a correlation between two facts, pervaded (vyāpti) and pervades (vāpaka).
  • Vyāpti is defined as an invariable unconditional and universal relation between the middle term and major term.
  • It refers to the inextricable connection between hetu and sadhya
  • It is one of the means of knowledge and is regarded as the logical ground of inference.
  • No conclusion can be drawn without vyapti's knowledge. 

Therefore,  B, C and D are the correct statements. 

  • According to the Nyāya school, true knowledge is derived through perception (pratyaksa), inference (anumana), comparison (upamana), and testimony (sabda).
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