Option 4 : B, C and D only
Vyapti is the non-presence of middle term (hetu) in the locus of the non-existence of the major term (sadhya).
- Nyāya school considers knowledge of vyapti to be the cause of successful inference.
- They believe that vyapti is the reason's unconditional uniform relation to the predicate and that the predicate is pervaded by a condition.
- Vyāpti implies a correlation between two facts, pervaded (vyāpti) and pervades (vāpaka).
- Vyāpti is defined as an invariable unconditional and universal relation between the middle term and major term.
- It refers to the inextricable connection between hetu and sadhya
- It is one of the means of knowledge and is regarded as the logical ground of inference.
- No conclusion can be drawn without vyapti's knowledge.
Therefore, B, C and D are the correct statements.
- According to the Nyāya school, true knowledge is derived through perception (pratyaksa), inference (anumana), comparison (upamana), and testimony (sabda).