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One X wrote defamatory letter against Y, a copy of which he sent to the Chairman of the Municipal Committee and other for publication in a local newspaper in which it was duly published. Y sued X and the editor, publisher and management of the newspaper for damages. Subsequently, a sum of Rs. 5,000 was paid by the newspaper by way of damages to Y and an apology was also published in the newspaper. Thereupon Y withdrew his action against the newspaper but not against X. X pleads that the release of other joint tort-feasors amounted to his release also

Correct Answer: Since one of the joint tort-feasors was released, it automatically amounted to the release of the other

In which of the following situations is communication treated as published and defamatory?
1. Dictating a letter to one's typist containing defamatory statement about another
2. Sending a defamatory letter to the plaintiff in a language supposed to be known to the plaintiff
3. The husband writing a letter to his wife containing some defamatory aspersions concerning her father
4. When a libelous letter addressed to the plaintiff is, in the ordinary course of business, opened by his clerk
Select the correct answer using the given below:

Ram of Allahabad filed a petition in the court for adjudication as insolvent. At that time one month's salary due to five clerks amounted to Rs. 2,000, one month's wages due to ten workers amounted to Rs. 1,500, rent and rates due amounted to Rs. 500. Income tax due amounted to Rs. 1,200 and one month's rent due amounted to Rs. 1,000. The amount of preferential creditors would be:

Consider the following statements:
In case of joint publication of defamatory statement:
1. A corporation is liable for the malice of its agent.
2. The proprietor of a newspaper is liable for the malice of the editor.
3. A lawyer is liable for the malice in the notice issued under the instructions of his client.
4. The employer is liable for the malice of a typist who types a defamatory letter as dictated by his employer.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

The defendant, the editor and proprietor of a newspaper, published articles which referred to the 'Calcutta Police', without naming individuals. The plaintiffs, six of the members of the Calcutta Police force, jointly sued the editor for damages, alleging that the articles were directed against them, and that they constituted a libel. Here a libel was in the same words, and in the same documents, but of different persons.

X, a publisher of a newspaper, agrees to publish at Y's request a defamatory article in respect of Z as Y agrees to indemnify X against the consequences of the publication. In a Suit by Z, X has to pay damages and incur expenses. Which one of the following is the correct statement regarding the liability of Y?

B, the proprietor of a newspaper, publishes, at A's request, a libel upon C in the paper, and A agrees to indemnify B against the consequences of the publication, and all costs and damages of the action in respect thereof. B is sued by C and has to pay damages and also incurs expenses. Decide in the light of Section 224 of the Indian Contract Act, 1872.

Statement : A large number of students studying in municipal schools could not pass the Xth Std. Board examination causing frustration among the students and their parents.

Courses of Action :
I. The municipal authority should immediately review the position and initiate measures to improve the situation.
II. The municipal authority should immediately fill up the teachers' vacancies in the municipal schools.
III. The municipal authority should close down some of their schools and concentrate their attention on remaining schools to improve the conditions.

Read the passage carefully and choose the best answer to each question out of the four alternatives andclick the button corresponding to it.
There is a time in every man's education when he arrives at the conviction that envy is ignorance; that imitation is suicide; that he must take himself for better, forworse, as his portion; that though the wide universe is full of good, no kernel of nourishing corn can come to him but through his toil bestowed on that plot of groundwhich is given to him to till. The power which resides in him is new in nature, and none but he knows what that is which he can do, nor does he know until he hastried. Not for nothing one face, one character, one fact, makes much impression on him, and another none. This sculpture in the memory is not without pre-established harmony. The eye was placed where one ray should fall, that it might testify of that particular ray. We but half express ourselves, and are ashamed ofthat divine idea which each of us represents. It may be safely trusted as proportionate and of good issues, so it be faithfully imparted, but God will not have his workmade manifest by cowards. A man is relieved and gay when he has put his heart into his work and has done his best; but what he has said or done otherwise, shallgive him no peace. It is a deliverance which does not deliver. In the attempt his genius deserts him; no muse befriends; no invention, no hope. According to the author, God is not looking for _____ to manifest his works.

Statement : Residents from Model Colony coming under North Ward of City X have complained to the Ward Officer that for last three days the tap water in the ward is contaminated and no action is being initiated by municipal staff.

Courses of Action :
I. The Ward Officer of North Ward should initiate action against residents who have lodged complaints against municipal staff.
II. The Ward Officer should ask his junior officer to visit Model Colony to assess the actual condition of water with his staff and to get samples of water tested from laboratories.
III. The Ward Officer should ask Ward Engineer to check water installations and pipelines in the Model Colony area.

Principle: A defamatory statement is one which has a tendency to injure the reputation of the person to whom it refers to. Defamation is of two kinds-
(1) Libel, when the defamatory statement is in some permanent and visible form and
(2) Slander, when it is in some trasitefy form, visible or audible. Libel is actionable per se, but slander is actionable only on proof of actual damage.
Factual Situation: A person accused of a crime is arrested by the police. The police give an open statement that the suspect had an extra-marital affair. It is subsequently proved in court that the suspect was innocent of the crime. Will the accused succeed if he files a civil suit for defamation, claiming compensation against the police?