Give correct answer by using codes given below: The Environmental approach has led the Supreme Court to derive, adopt and apply a range of principles to guide the development of environmental jurisprudence. Notable amongst the fundamental norms recognised by the court are 1. Every person enjoys the right to a wholesome environment, which is a facet of the right to life guaranteed under Article 21 of the Constitution 2. Enforcement agencies are under an obligation to strictly enforce environmental laws 3. Government agencies may not plead non-availability of funds, inadequacy of staff or other insufficiencies to justify the non-performance of their obligations under environmental laws 4. Stringent action ought to be taken against contumacious defaulters and persons who carry on industrial or development activity for profit without regard to environmental laws

Consider the following statements:
1. The powers of High Courts under Article 226 of the Constitution of India are wider than those of Supreme Court under Article 32 of the Constitution of India.
2. Both High Court and Supreme Court have concurrent power to enforce the fundamental rights.
3. It is mandatory for a petitioner first to approach the High Court instead of approaching the Supreme Court directly for enforcement of fundamental rights.
Which of the statements given above are correct?

A

1, 2 and 3

B

1 and 2

C

2 and 3

D

1 and 3

PRINCIPLES: 1. Nothing is an offence which is done in the exercise of the right of private defense.
2. When an act, which would otherwise be a certain offence, is not that offence, by reason of the youth, the want of maturity of understanding, the unsoundness of mind or the intoxication of that person or by reason of misconception on the part of that person, every person has the same right of private defense against that act, which he would have if that act were an offence.
3. Everyone has the right to defend their life and property against criminal harm provided it is not possible to approach public authorities and more harm than that is necessary has not been caused to avert the danger.
4. If in the exercise of right of private defense against an assault which reasonably causes the apprehension of death, the defender be so situated that he cannot effectually exercise that right without risk of harm to an innocent person, his right of private defense extends to the running of that risk.
5. The right of private defense continues as long as apprehension of danger continues.
FACT: A enters by night a house which he is legally entitled to enter. Z, in good faith, taking A for a housebreaker, attacks A.

A

A has no right of private defense because it is available against an offender only

B

A has the same right of private defense against Z, which he would have had if Z was not acting under a misconception

C

A has exceeded his right of private defense

D

None of the above

Directions : In each of the following questions a statement is given, followed by three conclusions. Give answer :

Statement : The Reserve Bank of India has directed the banks to refuse fresh loans to major defaulters.

Assumptions :
I. The banks may still give loans to the defaulters.
II. The defaulters may repay the earlier loan to get fresh loan.
III. The banks may recover the bad loans through such harsh measures.

A

None is implicit

B

Only I and II are implicit

C

All are implicit

D

Only II and III are implicit

E

None of these

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
True, It is the function of the army to maintain law and order in abnormal times. But in normal times there is another force that compels citizens to obey the laws and to act with due regard to the rights of others. The force also protects the lives and the properties of law abiding men. Laws are made to secure the personal safety of its subjects and to prevent murder and crimes of violence. They are made to secure the property of the citizens against theft and damage to protect the rights of communities and castes to carry out their customs and ceremonies, so long as they do not conflict with the rights of others. Now the good citizen, of his own free will obey these laws and he takes care that everything he does is done with due regard to the rights and well-being of others. But the bad citizen is only restrained from breaking these laws by fear of the consequence of his actions. And the necessary steps to compel the bad citizen to act as a good citizen are taken by this force. The supreme control of law and order in a State is in the hands of a Minister who is responsible to the State Assembly and acts through the Inspector General of Police.
"They are made to secure the property of citizens against theft and damage" means that the law:

A

Helps in recoverring the stolen property of the citizens.

B

Assists citizens whose property has been stolen or destroyed.

C

Initiate process against offenders of law.

D

Safeguards peoples possessions against being stolen or lost.

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
True, It is the function of the army to maintain law and order in abnormal times. But in normal times there is another force that compels citizens to obey the laws and to act with due regard to the rights of others. The force also protects the lives and the properties of law abiding men. Laws are made to secure the personal safety of its subjects and to prevent murder and crimes of violence. They are made to secure the property of the citizens against theft and damage to protect the rights of communities and castes to carry out their customs and ceremonies, so long as they do not conflict with the rights of others. Now the good citizen, of his own free will obey these laws and he takes care that everything he does is done with due regard to the rights and well-being of others. But the bad citizen is only restrained from breaking these laws by fear of the consequence of his actions. And the necessary steps to compel the bad citizen to act as a good citizen are taken by this force. The supreme control of law and order in a State is in the hands of a Minister who is responsible to the State Assembly and acts through the Inspector General of Police.
Which of the following is not implied in the passage ?

A

Laws protect those who respect it.

B

Laws ensure people's religious and social rights absolutely and unconditionally

C

A criminal is detered from committing crimes for fear of the law.

D

The forces of law help to transform irresponsible citizens into responsible ones

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
True, It is the function of the army to maintain law and order in abnormal times. But in normal times there is another force that compels citizens to obey the laws and to act with due regard to the rights of others. The force also protects the lives and the properties of law abiding men. Laws are made to secure the personal safety of its subjects and to prevent murder and crimes of violence. They are made to secure the property of the citizens against theft and damage to protect the rights of communities and castes to carry out their customs and ceremonies, so long as they do not conflict with the rights of others. Now the good citizen, of his own free will obey these laws and he takes care that everything he does is done with due regard to the rights and well-being of others. But the bad citizen is only restrained from breaking these laws by fear of the consequence of his actions. And the necessary steps to compel the bad citizen to act as a good citizen are taken by this force. The supreme control of law and order in a State is in the hands of a Minister who is responsible to the State Assembly and acts through the Inspector General of Police.
According to the writer, which one of the following is not the responsibility of the police ?

A

To protect the privilege of all the citizens.

B

To check violent activities of citizens.

C

To ensure peace among citizens by safeguarding individual rights.

D

To maintain peace during extraordinary circumstances.

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
True, It is the function of the army to maintain law and order in abnormal times. But in normal times there is another force that compels citizens to obey the laws and to act with due regard to the rights of others. The force also protects the lives and the properties of law abiding men. Laws are made to secure the personal safety of its subjects and to prevent murder and crimes of violence. They are made to secure the property of the citizens against theft and damage to protect the rights of communities and castes to carry out their customs and ceremonies, so long as they do not conflict with the rights of others. Now the good citizen, of his own free will obey these laws and he takes care that everything he does is done with due regard to the rights and well-being of others. But the bad citizen is only restrained from breaking these laws by fear of the consequence of his actions. And the necessary steps to compel the bad citizen to act as a good citizen are taken by this force. The supreme control of law and order in a State is in the hands of a Minister who is responsible to the State Assembly and acts through the Inspector General of Police.
The expression 'customs and ceremonies' means:

A

Fairs and festivals

B

Habits and traditions

C

Usual practices and religious rites

D

Superstitions and formalities

Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
True, It is the function of the army to maintain law and order in abnormal times. But in normal times there is another force that compels citizens to obey the laws and to act with due regard to the rights of others. The force also protects the lives and the properties of law abiding men. Laws are made to secure the personal safety of its subjects and to prevent murder and crimes of violence. They are made to secure the property of the citizens against theft and damage to protect the rights of communities and castes to carry out their customs and ceremonies, so long as they do not conflict with the rights of others. Now the good citizen, of his own free will obey these laws and he takes care that everything he does is done with due regard to the rights and well-being of others. But the bad citizen is only restrained from breaking these laws by fear of the consequence of his actions. And the necessary steps to compel the bad citizen to act as a good citizen are taken by this force. The supreme control of law and order in a State is in the hands of a Minister who is responsible to the State Assembly and acts through the Inspector General of Police.
The last sentence of the passage implies that:-

A

The Inspector General of Police is the sole authority in matters of Law and order.

B

In every state, maintenence of public peace is under the over all control of the responsible minister.

C

The State Assembly exercises direct authority in matters pertaining to law and order.

D

The Inspector General of Police is responsible to the State Assembly for maintaining Law and order.

Study the following statements and pick up the correct code:
Statement I: The power of High Court to issue writs under Article 226 is wider than the power of Supreme Court under Article 32.
Statement II: The Supreme Court has the power to issue writs only for violation of fundamental rights whereas the power of High Court under Article 226 can be invoked for the enforcement of fundamental rights as well as legal rights.

A

Statement I is correct but Statement II is incorrect

B

Statement II is correct but Statement I is incorrect

C

Both the statements are correct but Statement II does not justify Statement I

D

Both the Statements are correct and Statement II justifies Statement I

Directions : In each of the following questions a statement is given, followed by three conclusions. Give answer :

Statement : "As our business is expanding, we need to appoint more staff." Owner of a company informs his staff.

Assumptions :
I. The present staff is not competent.
II. More staff will further expand the business.
III. Suitable persons to be taken as staff will be available.

A

None is implicit

B

Only I is implicit

C

Only II is implicit

D

Only III is implicit

E

All are implicit