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Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives. <br />Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does notaccord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter (for that matter: so far as that isconcerned), established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to thinkof price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both "normal" and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normalin all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixingthat it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competingfor the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for morethan its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with fullconsideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Who, according to the economists, are the right group of people to set the price of a commodity?
A
the aggregate of consumers
B
the buyers
C
the sellers
D
the economists
Correct Answer:
the aggregate of consumers
Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does notaccord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter (for that matter: so far as that isconcerned), established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to thinkof price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both "normal" and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normalin all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixingthat it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competingfor the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for morethan its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with fullconsideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Selling a commodity at a price that is not more than that charged by competitors is -
A
rejected by the free market system
B
opposed by the advocates of the free market theories
C
considered suspicious by the free market theorists
D
recognized by the advocates of the free market theories
Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does notaccord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter (for that matter: so far as that isconcerned), established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to thinkof price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both "normal" and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normalin all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixingthat it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competingfor the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for morethan its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with fullconsideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers.
What does not seem as not good or normal in the context of this essay?
A
the new interest in free market
B
being captivated by spell of the free market
C
that which does not accord with the requirement of the free market
D
the economists who are captivated by the free market
Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does notaccord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter (for that matter: so far as that isconcerned), established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to thinkof price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both "normal" and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normalin all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixingthat it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competingfor the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for morethan its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with fullconsideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. A major act of will will bring about price-fixing that will be seen as -
A
effective and productive
B
constructive and practical
C
normal and having valuable economic function
D
systematic and relevant
Read the following passage carefully and choose the most appropriate answer to the question out of the four alternatives.
Most economists in the United States seem captivated by the spell of the free market. Consequently, nothing seems good or normal that does notaccord with the requirements of the free market. A price that is determined by the seller or, for that matter (for that matter: so far as that isconcerned), established by anyone other than the aggregate of consumers seems pernicious. Accordingly, it requires a major act of will to thinkof price-fixing (the determination of prices by the seller) as both "normal" and having a valuable economic function. In fact, price-fixing is normalin all industrialized societies because the industrial system itself provides, as an effortless consequence of its own development, the price-fixingthat it requires. Modern industrial planning requires and rewards great size. Hence, a comparatively small number of large firms will be competingfor the same group of consumers. That each large firm will act with consideration of its own needs and thus avoid selling its products for morethan its competitors charge is commonly recognized by advocates of free-market economic theories. But each large firm will also act with fullconsideration of the needs that it has in common with the other large firms competing for the same customers. Price-fixing is a phenomenon that is normal in -
A
agricultural societies
B
industrialized societies
C
pre-industrial societies
D
globalised societies
Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.
Public opinion may be passive and false or active and real. It is claimed in theory that all governments are ultimately based on the opinion or sanction of the governed. But we find that in practice the people's rights are often trodden down and tyranny and oppression are allowed to continue. The government does it not because the people want it to do so but because they are too idle, too uneducated and too disunited or timid to oppose the govern ment. Such public opinion is passive and false and not an active verdict. But when we find people alert, intelligent and determined to let the government know their will, when they want to exercise actively their voice in the management of their country, we have an instance of true or active public opinion. True public opinion is formed by and expressed through the press, the platform, political parties and educational institutions. These have sacred duties to perform, duties on which depends the ultimate good of the entire community. The press today wields a tremendous influence, So it should support the causes and move ments and condemn the wrong one's and thus teach people to form correct opinion. A free and fair press ventilates the grievances of the public. Thus a healthy relationship develops between the people and the government through out an unbiased press. Political parties also help to create and regulate opinions. No less important part is played by the educational Institutions which train the minds of the young people who will be the citizens of tomorrow. It has been said that modern Germany and China have been made by their universities. It is necessary that the young and the growing minds should imbibe the spirit of fellow-feeling, the spirit of tolerance, the habit of compromise, and show due regard for the feelings and opinion of others without which a democratic society cannot function, let alone succeed. When there is true awakening of the people, we shall have the real and conscious public opinion. And justice will reign on earth and truly will the voice of the people be the voice of God.
According to the passage, which of the following is needed from the people to have true or active public opinion? 1. Alertness
2. Determination
3. Intelligence
4. Raising their voice
A
1, 2 and 3
B
Only 4
C
2 and 3
D
All of these
Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.
Public opinion may be passive and false or active and real. It is claimed in theory that all governments are ultimately based on the opinion or sanction of the governed. But we find that in practice the people's rights are often trodden down and tyranny and oppression are allowed to continue. The government does it not because the people want it to do so but because they are too idle, too uneducated and too disunited or timid to oppose the govern ment. Such public opinion is passive and false and not an active verdict. But when we find people alert, intelligent and determined to let the government know their will, when they want to exercise actively their voice in the management of their country, we have an instance of true or active public opinion. True public opinion is formed by and expressed through the press, the platform, political parties and educational institutions. These have sacred duties to perform, duties on which depends the ultimate good of the entire community. The press today wields a tremendous influence, So it should support the causes and move ments and condemn the wrong one's and thus teach people to form correct opinion. A free and fair press ventilates the grievances of the public. Thus a healthy relationship develops between the people and the government through out an unbiased press. Political parties also help to create and regulate opinions. No less important part is played by the educational Institutions which train the minds of the young people who will be the citizens of tomorrow. It has been said that modern Germany and China have been made by their universities. It is necessary that the young and the growing minds should imbibe the spirit of fellow-feeling, the spirit of tolerance, the habit of compromise, and show due regard for the feelings and opinion of others without which a democratic society cannot function, let alone succeed. When there is true awakening of the people, we shall have the real and conscious public opinion. And justice will reign on earth and truly will the voice of the people be the voice of God.
What is important for the democratic society to function properly?
A
Spirit of fellow-feeling
B
Spirit of tolerance
C
Habit of compromise
D
All of these
Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.
Public opinion may be passive and false or active and real. It is claimed in theory that all governments are ultimately based on the opinion or sanction of the governed. But we find that in practice the people's rights are often trodden down and tyranny and oppression are allowed to continue. The government does it not because the people want it to do so but because they are too idle, too uneducated and too disunited or timid to oppose the govern ment. Such public opinion is passive and false and not an active verdict. But when we find people alert, intelligent and determined to let the government know their will, when they want to exercise actively their voice in the management of their country, we have an instance of true or active public opinion. True public opinion is formed by and expressed through the press, the platform, political parties and educational institutions. These have sacred duties to perform, duties on which depends the ultimate good of the entire community. The press today wields a tremendous influence, So it should support the causes and move ments and condemn the wrong one's and thus teach people to form correct opinion. A free and fair press ventilates the grievances of the public. Thus a healthy relationship develops between the people and the government through out an unbiased press. Political parties also help to create and regulate opinions. No less important part is played by the educational Institutions which train the minds of the young people who will be the citizens of tomorrow. It has been said that modern Germany and China have been made by their universities. It is necessary that the young and the growing minds should imbibe the spirit of fellow-feeling, the spirit of tolerance, the habit of compromise, and show due regard for the feelings and opinion of others without which a democratic society cannot function, let alone succeed. When there is true awakening of the people, we shall have the real and conscious public opinion. And justice will reign on earth and truly will the voice of the people be the voice of God.
Who among the following has tremendous influence in forming the true public opinion?
A
Press
B
Political parties
C
Educational intuitions
D
God man
Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.
Public opinion may be passive and false or active and real. It is claimed in theory that all governments are ultimately based on the opinion or sanction of the governed. But we find that in practice the people's rights are often trodden down and tyranny and oppression are allowed to continue. The government does it not because the people want it to do so but because they are too idle, too uneducated and too disunited or timid to oppose the govern ment. Such public opinion is passive and false and not an active verdict. But when we find people alert, intelligent and determined to let the government know their will, when they want to exercise actively their voice in the management of their country, we have an instance of true or active public opinion. True public opinion is formed by and expressed through the press, the platform, political parties and educational institutions. These have sacred duties to perform, duties on which depends the ultimate good of the entire community. The press today wields a tremendous influence, So it should support the causes and move ments and condemn the wrong one's and thus teach people to form correct opinion. A free and fair press ventilates the grievances of the public. Thus a healthy relationship develops between the people and the government through out an unbiased press. Political parties also help to create and regulate opinions. No less important part is played by the educational Institutions which train the minds of the young people who will be the citizens of tomorrow. It has been said that modern Germany and China have been made by their universities. It is necessary that the young and the growing minds should imbibe the spirit of fellow-feeling, the spirit of tolerance, the habit of compromise, and show due regard for the feelings and opinion of others without which a democratic society cannot function, let alone succeed. When there is true awakening of the people, we shall have the real and conscious public opinion. And justice will reign on earth and truly will the voice of the people be the voice of God.
Which of the following is not the reason for the oppression caused to general public by the running government in the country?
A
People want themselves such kind of atrocities to be done to them
B
People are uneducated
C
People are disunited
D
People are timid to oppose the government
Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.
What is Gandhian philosophy? It is the religious and social ideas adopted and developed by Gandhi, first during his period in South Africa from 1893 to 1914, and later of course in India. These ideas have been further developed by later "Gandhians", most notably, in India by, Vinoba Bhave and Jayaprakash Narayan. Outside of India some of the work of, for example, Martin Luther King Jr. can also be viewed in this light. Understanding the universe to be an organic whole, the philosophy exists on several planes - the spiritual or religious, moral, political, economic, social, individual and collective. The spiritual or religious element, and God, is at its core. Human nature is regarded as fundamentally virtuous. All individuals are believed to be capable of high moral development, and of reform. The twin cardinal principles of Gandhi's thought are truth and nonviolence. It should be remembered that the English word "truth" is an imperfect translation of the Sanskrit, "satya", and "non-violence", an even more imperfect translation of "ahimsa". Derived from "sat" - "that which exists" - "satya" contains a dimension of meaning not usually associated by English speakers with the word "truth". There are other variations, too, which we need not go into here. For Gandhi, truth is the relative truth of truthfulness in word and deed, and the absolute truth - the Ultimate Reality. This ultimate truth is God (as God is also Truth) and morality - the moral laws and code - its basis. Ahimsa, far from meaning mere peacefulness or the absence of overt violence, is understood by Gandhi to denote active love - the pole opposite of violence, or "Himsa", in every sense. The ultimate station Gandhi assigns non violence stems from two main points. First, if according to the Divine Reality all life is one, then all violence committed towards another is violence towards oneself, towards the collective, whole self, and thus "self"-destructive and counter to the universal law of life, which is love. Second, Gandhi believed that ahimsa is the most powerful force in existence. Had himsa been superior to ahimsa, humankind would long ago have succeeded in destroying itself. The human race certainly could not have progressed as far as it has, even if universal justice remains far off the horizon. From both viewpoints, non violence or love is regarded as the highest law of humankind.
According to the passage, which of the following statement is not true?
A
Nonviolence is regarded as the highest law of humankind
B
All individuals are believed to be capable of high moral development
C
Violence alone to other is very much self destructive aspect of the universe
D
Love is the universal law of life
Read the passage carefully and select the best answer to each question out of the given four alternatives.
The Amazon basin has been continuously inhabited for at least 10, 000 years, possibly more. Its earliest inhabitants were stone-age peoples, living in hundreds of far-flung tribes, some tiny, others numbering in the tens of thousands. It was from the west that Europeans explorers first arrived. In 1541 a Spanish expedition from Quito, led by Gonzalo Pizarro, ran short of supplies while exploring east of the Andes in what is today Peru. Pizarros cousin Francisco de Orellana offered to take 60 men along with the boats from the expedition and forage for supplies. De Orellana floated down the Rio Napo to its confluence with the Amazon, near Iquitos (Peru), and then to the mouth of the Amazon. Along the way his expedition suffered numerous attacks by Indians; some of the Indian warriors, they reported, were female, like the Amazons of Greek mythology, and thus the worlds greatest river got its name. No one made a serious effort to claim this sweaty territory, however, until the Portuguese built a fort near the mouth of the river at Belém in 1616, and sent Pedro Teixeira up the river to Quito and back between 1637 and 1639. During the 17th and 18th centuries, Portuguese bandeirantes (groups of roaming adventurers) penetrated ever further into the rain forest in pursuit of gold and Indian slaves, exploring as far as present-day Rondônia, and the Guaporé and Madeira river valleys. Amazonian Indians had long used the sap from rubber trees to make waterproof bags and other items. European explorers recognized the potential value of natural latex, but were unable to market it because it tended to grow soft in the heat, or brittle in the cold, and thus had limited appeal outside the rain forest. However, in 1842 American Charles Goodyear developed vulcanization (made natural rubber durable) and in 1890 Irelands John Dunlop patented pneumatic rubber tires. Soon there was an unquenchable demand for rubber in the recently industrialized USA and Europe, and the price of rubber on international markets soared. As profits skyrocketed, so did exploitation of the seringueiros, or rubber tappers, who were lured into the Amazon, mostly from the drought-stricken northeast, by the promise of prosperity only to be locked into a cruel system of virtual slavery dominated by seringalistas (owners of rubber-bearing forests). Rigged scales, hired guns, widespread illiteracy among the rubber tappers, and monopoly of sales and purchases all combined to perpetuate the workers debt and misery. In addition, seringueiros had to contend with jungle fevers, Indian attacks and all manner of deprivation.
Where did De Orellano float down to for its confluence with the Amazon?
A
Belem
B
Quito
C
Rio Napo
D
Peru